Munthawi ya Renaissance, mafuta onunkhira adakula mwachangu ku Europe chifukwa chakupezanso kapangidwe kake ka mafuta onunkhira akale. Pakatikati pa Kubadwanso Kwatsopano, monga Venice ndi Florence, ndiye malo opangira mafuta onunkhira. Banja la a Medici ndi mtsogoleri wazopanga mafutawo. Catherine, membala wa banja lake, ndi nthumwi yofunikira pakufalitsa mafutawo. Adakwatirana ndi mfumu Henry II waku France, yemwe amaphatikizidwa ndi dzina la reendo ndipo ndiye wopanga mafuta onunkhira ku Florence. Atafika ku France, anali ndi malo ogulitsira mafuta onunkhira ndipo adachita bwino kwambiri. Anatinso kuti amatha kusakaniza poyizoni komanso amafanana ndi mafuta onunkhira. Zochitika zambiri zotsogozedwa ndi Catherine ku khothi ku France zinali zokhudzana ndi mankhwala omwe adamutaya. Kuyambira pamenepo, kupopera mafuta onunkhira kunayamba kukhala mafashoni. "Ino ndi nthawi yoti anthu azindikire okha, kudzizindikira kwa anthu kukuwonekera kwambiri, anthu adayamba kutsatira mafashoni." anthu m'nthawi ya Renaissance samasamba pafupipafupi, koma pongopopera mafuta onunkhira kuti aphimbe kukoma kwawo, makampani opanga zonunkhira adakula. Perfume amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kwa amuna ndi akazi, ngakhale tsitsi ngakhalenso ziweto. Mu 1508, Dominican Convent ya Florence idakhazikitsa fakitale yakale kwambiri yazonunkhira padziko lapansi. Papa ndi banja lake ndi makasitomala okhulupirika. Kwazaka mazana ambiri, wolamulira aliyense watsopano wapanga mafuta onunkhira amafakitale. Pakadali pano, tawuni yakumwera kwa France pang'onopang'ono idayamba kupanga mafuta onunkhira a Glass. Galasi amapangira mafuta onunkhira koyambirira chifukwa tawuniyi ndi malo opangira zikopa. Pakhungu, mkodzo umagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo anthu amapopera mafuta onunkhira pachikopa kubisa kununkhira. M'buku "kubadwa ndi kunyengerera kwa mafuta onunkhira komanso kununkhira kwapamwamba," a Susan Owen adati opanga magolovesi amtundu wakomweko amalowetsanso, kupanga ndi kugulitsa mafuta onunkhira. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, makampani azikopa adapitilizabe kugulitsa mafuta onunkhira atagwa makampani opanga zikopa. Wofunika kudziwika ndi dziko lapansi, France tsopano ndi dziko lalikulu la mafuta onunkhira. Pali mitundu yambiri yamafuta onunkhira padziko lapansi, monga langwan, Chanel, Givenchy, Lancome, Lolita Lempicka, Guerlain, ndi zina zambiri ku France. wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi.

Kapangidwe ka ma CD ndi gawo limodzi la malonda. Ndi mawu amatsenga, apadziko lonse lapansi komanso pachimake. Ndichinthu chofunikira pakampani ndi achinsinsi kuti bizinesi ikuyenda bwino. Kapangidwe kazipangizo kumalumikiza zaluso ndi mafakitale, msika ndi kupanga, zaluso komanso magwiridwe antchito. Lingaliro labwino limapanga ma phukusi abwino, ma CD abwino ndiye chothandizira pakupititsa patsogolo malonda. Kuti muzindikire chinthu chomwe chimakwaniritsidwa kudzera pakulongedza, ogula ayenera kupeza chidziwitso chokwanira ndikutha kudziwa ndikumvetsetsa zizindikilo zina, kuti azindikire malondawo ndikumvetsetsa kufunika kwake, ndikupangitsa kuti mugule komaliza. Mwachidziwikire, mafuta onunkhira akuchulukirachulukira ndipo anthu akuvutikabe kusankha. Koma anthu nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi momwe adaleredwera, moyo wawo komanso chikhalidwe chawo kuti asankhe mtundu. Chifukwa chake, mafuta onunkhira aliwonse ndi mapaketi ake ayenera kulumikizidwa kuti agwirizane ndi magulu ena ogula. France ili ndi mafuta ochulukirapo padziko lonse lapansi, kukhala dziko lalikulu la zonunkhira, ndipo malingaliro ake opangira zonunkhira sangagwirizane.

Kugwiritsa ntchito molimbika zinthu zatsopano, matekinoloje atsopano ndi mitundu yatsopano
Kuchokera m'mbiri yakukula kwa zodzikongoletsera za mafuta onunkhira, anthu akhala akufufuza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida zosiyanasiyana kuti apange zodzikongoletsera. Poyamba, Aigupto amagwiritsa ntchito zotengera zamiyala kupanga zotengera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga mabotolo ozungulira amimba, mabotolo olemera amiyendo ndi zina zambiri. Zonse zinali zotseguka ndikutsekedwa ndi ma cork kapena ma nsalu. Zipangizo zamiyala zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupangira makontenawa, omwe alabasitala ndiye gawo lalikulu kwambiri. Amisiri achi Greek adapanga zidebe zingapo zadothi zodzazidwa ndi mafuta onunkhira ndikupanga zidebe kutengera momwe ziliri. Mwachitsanzo, zotengera za mafuta a sesame ndi mafuta onunkhira ndizosiyana. Ndipo Agiriki amatha kupanga zotengera za bionic za mafuta onunkhira. Cha m'ma 500 AD, mabotolo ang'onoang'ono owumbidwa adapangidwa. Poyamba, nthawi zambiri ankatsanzira chithunzi cha mutu wa munthu. Galasi nthawi zonse imakhala chinthu chodula. Pofika m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, amisiri a ku Venice adaphunzira kupanga magalasi ndi magalasi, kuti azitha kupanga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, monga galasi loyera mkaka, galasi lagolide ndi siliva, ndi zina zambiri. Makontena a mafuta onunkhira adakhala okongola kwambiri. Ndi kusintha kwa kuuma galasi, galasi akhoza kudula, kusema, akuda, wokometsedwa, kotero chidebe galasi kuposa mitundu yosiyanasiyana miyambo.

Kutsata mwachangu zachilendo, zapadera komanso mafashoni
Momwe tikudziwira, 40% yaopanga aku France amagwira ntchito m'makampani opanga ma CD, omwe ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri. Munda wamafuta onunkhira ukukula ndikukula. Mtundu uliwonse umayenera kupanga zinthu zatsopano kapena kusintha mapangidwe akale kuti azolowere chizolowezi chatsopano kamodzi kwakanthawi. Opanga mafutawo amafunika kudzifunsa pafupipafupi kuti: chatsopano ndi chiyani? Kodi lingaliro loti kusintha kwatsopano "kwanzeru pang'ono kapena kugawanika kwachinyengo? Ndikusintha pang'onopang'ono kuti zikwaniritse zomwe zilipo kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za msika, kapena kupanga zatsopano kuti zigonjetse msika wamtsogolo. Kusintha kwa phukusi kumatha kukhala kusintha kwakung'onong'ono, kapena kungakhale chitukuko chatsopano chazinthu zonse, chokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso chithandizo chatsopano chaumisiri.

Achifalansa amagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro atsopano. Ndi chidwi chawo pakupanga komanso malingaliro, nthawi zambiri amatha kupanga zinthu zodzaza ndi uzimu. Amagwirizanitsa kufunikira kofananira ndi chilengedwe ndi malingaliro, amatsata mitundu ndi masitayilo apadera, ndikupanga malingaliro ndi zochitika zatsopano. Ankazembetsa katundu kukhala zinthu zabwino kwambiri, ndipo amatha kusiya Msonkhano ndikuchita, ndikupanga zizindikiritso zatsopano. Zosintha zikwizikwi za mafuta onunkhira aku France ndizosintha komanso zolimba kwambiri, ndipo mitundu yolimba mtima komanso yosiyanasiyana ya botolo ndi kapangidwe kabwino ka magawo akumaloko ndikokwanira kuti anthu azisilira.

3. Amatha kutengera luso lazakale komanso zikhalidwe zaluso

Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro ambiri opangira mafuta onunkhira aku France amachokera ku ntchito monga Renoir, Wei Al, Fang Tan - La Tour, Odilon Redon ndi ojambula ena. Pali ubale wolimba pakati pa zojambulajambula ndi kapangidwe kake. Kufunika kwa zaluso pakupanga ndi kupanga zaluso kumadalira "kukulitsa zoyambira ndi kudzoza". Kuchokera pazinthu zina, mapangidwe ambiri opakika bwino adatengera luso, nawonso, amathandizira pakukula kwa zaluso.

4. Kulingalira konse kwa malingaliro aumunthu a ogula

Kuchokera pakuwona kwamalingaliro, yoyamba ndi mawonekedwe akunja. Okonza amatha kusankha mawonekedwe ofananirako kapena mawonekedwe osakanikirana, kapena kudabwitsa ogula ndi mawonekedwe ake olimba mtima komanso aulere. Palinso mitundu, yomwe mophiphiritsa imafotokozera zakachetechete kapena zamphamvu ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe enieni a malonda. Kuphatikiza apo, kusindikiza, kukula ndi mtundu wa zilembo, kutuluka kapena concave, komanso udindo wamutuwo umathandizanso kwambiri. Kachiwiri, kukula kwa malonda ndi malo ake alumali akuyeneranso kuganiziridwa. Mwambiri, zinthu zomwe zili pamzere wopingasa zitha kukopa chidwi cha anthu ndikukhala ndi mwayi wosankhidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe azida, monga kusinkhasinkha, kachulukidwe kake komanso ngati mawonekedwe ake ndi osalala kapena owuma, ndizofunikanso kwa opanga kuti azilingalira.

Malinga ndi malingaliro olakwika, kununkhira ndi fungo ndizofunikira kukopa ogula kuti agule zinthu. Khalidwe la mafuta onunkhira ndilofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kulongedza kuyenera kuwonetsa zonunkhira, osazibisa, kuziwonetsa m'malingaliro a anthu komanso osasambitsidwa ndi fungo lachilengedwe komanso zinthu zina zoyandikana nazo. Kupaka kuyenera kupereka kununkhira kwapadera kwa malonda, kaya mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina.

Kuchokera pakuwona kwamakutu, botolo la mafuta onunkhira likatsegulidwa, mawuwo ndiosapeweka, zomwezi ndizomwe zimapopera mafutawo.